Limit Analyses of the Active Earth Pressure on Rigid Retaining Walls under Strip Loading on Backfills
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent studies of retaining walls include experimental studies, numerical analysis and analytical models. Although active earth pressure against retaining structures has received much attention, the evaluation of active earth pressure of backfill when loaded by a strip foundation, has been slightly studied. This paper studies the effect of a strip load on the active pressure force and the distribution of the horizontal stresses on a rigid wall, using a finite element limit analysis. The strip loading is located at different distances from the vertical face of the wall. The OptumG2 code is used to analyze the effect of width of strip surcharge (soil-wall), interface friction angle and soil internal friction angle. New interesting results are demonstrated and presented here: the dependency of the active earth pressure coefficient on both position and width of the strip load, in one hand, and the effect of the internal friction angle of the soil, the soil-wall interface, and the position of the strip loading on the failure mechanism, in the other hand.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".