Bibliographic record
Abstract
Some remarkable examples of alternative cosmological theories are reviewed here, ranging from a compilation of variations on the Standard Model through the more distant quasi-steady-state cosmology, plasma cosmology, or universe models as a hypersphere, to the most exotic cases including static models. The present-day Standard Model of cosmology, [Formula: see text]CDM, gives us a representation of a cosmos whose dynamics is dominated by gravity (Friedmann equations derived from general relativity) with a finite lifetime, large scale homogeneity, expansion and a hot initial state, together with other elements necessary to avoid certain inconsistencies with observations (inflation, nonbaryonic dark matter, dark energy, etc.). There are however some models with characteristics that are close to those of the Standard Model but differing in some minor aspects; we call these “variations on the Standard Model”. Many of these models are indeed investigated by some mainstream cosmologists: different considerations on CP violation, inflation, number of neutrino species, quark-hadron phase transition, baryonic or nonbaryonic dark-matter, dark energy, nucleosynthesis scenarios, large-scale structure formation scenarios; or major variations like a inhomogeneous universe, Cold Big Bang, varying physical constants or gravity law, zero-active mass (also called “[Formula: see text]”), Milne, and cyclical models. At the most extreme distance from the Standard Model, the static models, a noncosmological redshift includes “tired-light” hypotheses, which assume that the photon loses energy owing to an intrinsic property or an interaction with matter or light as it travels some distance, or other nonstandard ideas. Our impression is that none of the alternative models has acquired the same level of development as [Formula: see text]CDM in offering explanations of available cosmological observations. One should not, however, judge any theory in terms of the number of observations that it can successfully explain (ad hoc in many cases) given the much lower level of development of the alternative ones, but by the plausibility of its principles and its potential to fit data with future improvements of the theories. A pluralist approach to cosmology is a reasonable option when the preferred theory is still under discussion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".