Phenotype constrains the vocal tract in the most dimorphic mammal, the southern elephant seal (<i>Mirounga leonina</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study of mammal acoustic communication was revolutionized by the application of the source–filter theory, originally developed for human speech. The theory states that the vocal tract is constrained by body anatomy and, therefore, creates a structural link between phenotype and acoustic formants, providing a basis for honest signaling. The phenotype–formant link was validated in many species, but the phenotype–vocal tract link was rarely assessed. We used two dimensional (2D) videogrammetry to estimate the vocal tract length of wild southern elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758)) males during their normal vocalization behavior. We showed that ( i) the vocal tract can be measured noninvasively in a large wild mammal; ( ii) the vocal tract depends on the structural phenotype (age, body length, and skull size); ( iii) the nasal tract is more related to the structural phenotype than the buccal tract; and ( iv) the dependence on size, and body length in particular, is stronger than the dependence on age. Altogether, the phenotypic constraint on the vocal tract provides the anatomical basis for honest signaling in elephant seals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".