Evolution of consumer bankruptcy in Poland: A chance for a new life for insolvent debtors?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article discusses the issue of the evolution of consumer bankruptcy in Poland which was introduced into Polish law in 2009. The authors explain why the legislator abstained from introducing consumer bankruptcy along with a huge reform of insolvency framework in 2003. They present different approaches of the legislator towards consumer bankruptcy – from a very restrictive one which excluded most consumers from bankruptcy proceedings to a liberal one that allows dishonest debtors to benefit from debt relief. Moreover, the influence of legislation regarding consumer bankruptcy on the effectiveness of insolvency courts is discussed. Each of the approaches caused certain problems in practice. Liberalization of the rules on consumer bankruptcy led to an increasing number of consumer bankruptcy cases which could be barely processed by insolvency courts to the detriment of commercial bankruptcies and restructurings. The authors present the latest change of the law regarding consumer insolvency which – due to its novelty – has not received enough attention yet. They also provide a preliminary assessment of the new rules, which they consider imperfect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".