Sea level and the Bering Strait gateway as determinant parameters in the ocean dynamics as illustrated from pan-Arctic Holocene records
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The shallow (~ 50 m deep) Bering Strait, which is the unique gateway linking the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean, deserves special attention as sea-level changes modify considerably the exchanges between the two oceans. Under high sea level, poleward heat transfer and freshwater fluxes from the Pacific impact the Arctic freshwater budget and sea ice distribution. Furthermore, sea level determines the status of the Arctic shelves, submerged or not, which plays a role in sea-ice production, as well as in the latent heat from Atlantic waters flowing northward through Fram Strait and the Barents Sea. Hence, high sea levels result in the connection of the Arctic basin with the Pacific, which modifies the Arctic freshwater and heat budgets and leads to the submergence of shelves, thus the potential development of sea-ice factories. The impacts of sea-level on the Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas are not easily reconstructed from sedimentary records, but radiocarbon-based chronologies and proxy-data covering the present interglacial provide useful information. For example, micropaleontological and geochemical records from the Chukchi Sea show progressive warming in surface water accompanying the increase of Pacific flux during the Holocene, until sea-level reached its present-day limit at ~ 4 ka BP. This contrasts with a trend towards perennial sea-ice cover in the southeastern Arctic and with changes at the eastern gateway of the Fram Strait, where cooling is recorded from early to late Holocene. Hence, we hypothesize that increased freshwater inflow from the Pacific into the Arctic together with enhanced sea-ice formation rates, both linked to sea-level rise, may have played a role in the general cooling trend culminating during the late Holocene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".