Prevalence of heavy chain MGUS by race and family history risk groups using a high-sensitivity screening method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mass-spectrometry (MS) assays detect lower levels of monoclonal proteins and result in earlier detection of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). We examined heavy chain MGUS prevalence using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS among 3 risk groups, ages 50 or older: 327 African Americans (AA) and 1223 European Americans (EA) from a clinical biobank and 1093 unaffected first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with hematologic disorders. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates were directly standardized to 2010 United States population. Prevalence ratios were estimated for comparisons of AA and FDR to the EA group using the Poisson distribution. Results were also compared with population-based prevalence using conventional gel-based methods. Risk groups had similar sex and age distributions. MALDI-TOF MGUS prevalence was higher in the AA (16.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.2%, 20.8%]) and FDR (18.3% [95% CI, 16.6%, 21.6%]) than in EA (10.8% [95% CI, 8.8%, 12.7%]), translating to prevalence ratios of 1.73 (95% CI, 1.31, 2.29) and 1.90 (95% CI, 1.55, 2.34), respectively. MALDI-TOF EA prevalence was over threefold higher than conventional estimates but showed similar age trends. Thus, the MALDI-TOF assay found greater numbers with MGUS but similar relative differences by race, family history, and age as prior studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".