Unsaturated wetting deformation characteristics of a granite rockfill under rainfall conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rainfall-induced unsaturated wetting deformation has been one of the main sources of postconstruction deformations of rockfill structures. An experimental study is presented of the unsaturated wetting deformation characteristics of a weakly weathered granite rockfill under different triaxial stress conditions and rainfall intensities investigated by a modified triaxial apparatus equipped with the newly developed rainfall simulator. Results show that the wetting deformation of rockfill materials occurs at a relatively small water content; when the rockfill reaches a critical wetting point (i.e., the effective water content), additional water does not produce more deformations. It is shown that the tested rockfill material has an effective water content of <6.89%, with a corresponding effective degree of saturation of <17.26%. Moreover, the unsaturated wetting deformation can be classified into two components: the instantaneous wetting deformation that occurs during rockfill wetting and exhibits properties of parallelism and the wet-state creep deformation that occurs time-dependently after the rockfill is wetted and shows features similar to those of general creep deformation, suggesting that unsaturated wetting can be considered as a generalized load. Finally, by introducing the two-stage wetting deformation model, the experimental curves of axial strain and volumetric strain against time were well predicted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".