A Framework for the Identification of Human Vertical Displacement Activity Based on Multi-Sensor Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To date, the methodology to track and identify vertical movement from large-scale unstructured data sets is lacking. Here, we design and develop such a framework to accurately and systematically identify the sparse human vertical displacement activity typically buried into the predominantly horizontal mobility. Our framework uses sensor data from a barometer, accelerometer, and Wi-Fi scanner coupled with an extraction step involving a combination of feature engineering and data segmentation. This methodology is subsequently integrated into a machine-learning-based classifier to automatically distinguish vertical displacement activity—with 98% overall accuracy and a 92% F1-score—from its horizontal counterpart. We illustrate the potential of this framework by applying it to an unstructured large-scale data set associated with over 16,000 participants going about their daily activity in the city-state of Singapore. With the vertical movements of this large group uncovered, we can analyze the specific features of this activity class using its statistical distribution. This new knowledge would have significant ramifications for the architectural design of vertical cities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".