A Radiolabeling Method for Precise Quantification of Polymers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Radiolabeling a protein, molecule, or polymer can provide accurate and precise quantification in biochemistry, biomaterials, pharmacology, and drug delivery research. Herein, we describe a method to 125 I label two different polymers for precise quantification in different applications. The surfaces of model contact lenses were modified with phenylboronic acid to bind and release the natural polymer, hyaluronic acid (HA); HA uptake and release were quantified by radiolabeling. In the second example, the in vivo distribution of a mucoadhesive micelle composed of the block copolymer of poly(lactide)-b-poly(methacrylic acid-co-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) was investigated. The presence of phenyl boronic acid groups (PBA), which bind to mucosal surfaces, was proposed to improve the retention of the micelle. 125 I labeling of polymers was examined for quantification of microgram amounts of HA present on a contact lens or to evaluate the enhanced retention of PBA micelles on mucosal surfaces in vivo. The introduction of phenol groups onto the polymers allowed for the labeling. HA was modified with phenol groups through a coupling reaction of its carboxylic acid with hydroxybenzylamine. Phenol functional block copolymer micelles with and without PBA were synthesized by including N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)acrylamide during polymerization. The phenol groups of HA and the block copolymers were labeled with 125 I using a modified ICl labeling method. 125 I labeling enabled quantification of HA loading and release including the effect of varying amounts of PBA on the contact lens surfaces. Micelles made from 125 I-labeled block copolymers with and without PBA were administered intranasally to Brown Norway rats. The animals were sacrificed either immediately after or 4 h after their last nasal instillation, and the nasopharyngeal tissues were removed and quantified. Radioactivity measurements demonstrated that the presence of the PBA mucosal binding groups led to approximately four times higher retention. The HA and block copolymer 125 I labeling presented in this article demonstrates the utility of the method for quantification and tracking of microgram quantities of polymers in diverse applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".