The effect of (NH4)2SO4 on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>EGU Abstract</p><p> </p><p>A wide range of materials including mineral dust, soil dust, and bioaerosols have been shown to act as ice nuclei in the atmosphere. During atmospheric transport, these materials can become coated with inorganic and organic solutes which may impact their ability to nucleate ice. While a number of studies have investigated the impact of solutes at low concentrations on ice nucleation by mineral dusts, very few studies have examined their impact on non-mineral dust ice nuclei.</p><p>We studied the effect of dilute (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solutions (0.05 M) on immersion freezing of a variety of non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances including bacteria, fungi, sea ice diatom exudates, sea surface microlayer, and humic substances using the droplet freezing technique. We also studied the effect of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> on immersion freezing of mineral dust particles for comparison purposes. (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> had no effect on the median freezing temperature of 9 of the 10 tested non-mineral dust materials. There was a small but statistically significant decrease in the median freezing temperature of the bacteria <em>X. campestris</em> (change in median freezing temperature  = -0.43 ± 0.19 °C) in the presence of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>compared to pure water. Conversely, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> increased the median freezing temperature of four different mineral dusts (potassium-rich feldspar, Arizona test dust, kaolinite, montmorillonite) by 3 °C to 9 °C and increased the ice nucleation active site density per gram of material by a factor of ~10 to ~30.</p><p>This significant difference in the response of mineral dust and non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances when exposed to (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> suggests that they nucleate ice and/or interact with (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> via different mechanisms. This difference suggests that the relative importance of mineral dust to non-mineral dust particles for ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds could increase as these particles become coated with (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> in the atmosphere. This difference also suggests that the addition of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> to atmospheric samples of unknown composition could be used as an indicator or assay for the presence of mineral dust ice nuclei.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".