Atmospheric ammonia causes histopathological lesions, cell cycle blockage, and apoptosis of spleen in chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on histological changes, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis of the spleen in chickens. Two hundred forty chickens were randomly allocated to the control group (without NH3 challenge) and NH3 group (70 ± 5 ppm NH3). The experiment lasted for 8 days. The results showed that NH3 exposure caused decreased relative weight ( P < 0.05), dysplasia of white pulps, obvious ultrastructural lesions, upregulation of G0G1 phase cells, excessive apoptosis, and oxidative stress ( P < 0.05) in the spleen. The mechanisms of cell cycle blockage were closely related to the upregulation of the P53 and P21 genes ( P < 0.05), the downregulation of the cyclin D1 and CDK6 genes ( P < 0.05), and the decrease of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein ( P < 0.05). The activated apoptosis resulted from the increased gene and protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 ( P < 0.05), and the decreased gene and protein expression of Bcl-2 ( P < 0.05). The results suggested that 70 ± 5 ppm NH3 caused the spleen dysplasia, which was closely related to the cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway activation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".