An Experimental Study on the Interface between a Waterproofing Membrane in Contact with Dry and Saturated Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wherever a hydraulic barrier is required, waterproofing membranes are often employed in construction. Because they sit at the boundary between the natural and built environments, interface modeling is an important part of their assessment. This highlights the value of maintaining an experimental test database on the behavior of waterproofing membranes in contact with various soils and environmental conditions. This study is part of a series of large-scale laboratory tests on soil-structure interactions focused on the friction mechanism at various interfaces with boundary conditions as similar to reality as possible. The aim of this paper is to investigate the interface shear resistance of the waterproofing membrane interface in contact with dry and saturated Ottawa sand. To this end, a spray-applied waterproofing membrane was sheared on Ottawa sand placed in a sandbox with interior plan dimensions of 305 × 305 cm and an interior height of 100 cm. The coefficient of sliding friction at the interface is characterized, and the surface failure mechanism is also discussed. The waterproofing membrane-sand interface friction angle was found to be independent of normal pressure and quite different from the internal friction properties of the Ottawa sand. It was observed that the shear resistance at the interface of saturated sand was greater than its dry counterpart. The data sets are being used to support the development of numerical models for sliding at waterproofing membrane-soil interfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".