The magnetic topology of the inverse Evershed flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. The inverse Evershed flow (IEF) is a mass motion towards sunspots at chromospheric heights. Aims. We combined high-resolution observations of NOAA 12418 from the Dunn Solar Telescope and vector magnetic field measurements from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) to determine the driver of the IEF. Methods. We derived chromospheric line-of-sight (LOS) velocities from spectra of H α and Ca II IR. The HMI data were used in a non-force-free magnetic field extrapolation to track closed field lines near the sunspot in the active region. We determined their length and height, located their inner and outer foot points, and derived flow velocities along them. Results. The magnetic field lines related to the IEF reach on average a height of 3 megameter (Mm) over a length of 13 Mm. The inner (outer) foot points are located at 1.2 (1.9) sunspot radii. The average field strength difference Δ B between inner and outer foot points is +400 G. The temperature difference Δ T is anti-correlated with Δ B with an average value of −100 K. The pressure difference Δ p is dominated by Δ B and is primarily positive with a driving force towards the inner foot points of 1.7 kPa on average. The velocities predicted from Δ p reproduce the LOS velocities of 2–10 km s −1 with a square-root dependence. Conclusions. We find that the IEF is driven along magnetic field lines connecting network elements with the outer penumbra by a gas pressure difference that results from a difference in field strength as predicted by the classical siphon flow scenario.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".