Two-Layer Bus-Independent Instruction Set Architecture for Securing Long Protocol Data Units in Automotive Open System Architecture-Based Automotive Electronic Control Units
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a bus-independent hardware (HW)-based approach to secure long protocol data units (PDUs) in Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR)-based automotive electronic control units (ECUs). Our approach is based on extending previous works that implemented two AUTOSAR communication (COM) application-specific instruction set processors (ASIPs). COM ASIP V1 introduced two instructions to handle the transmission and reception of PDUs no larger than 8 bytes and signals no larger than 32 bits individually through send signal and receive signal instructions. COM ASIP V2 introduced two extra instructions to handle long signals and PDUs of arbitrary lengths. We extended the instruction set architecture (ISA) of our previous ASIPs by introducing six new instructions, in COM ASIP V3, to hash PDUs that contain these signals to authenticate transmission and reception of such PDUs. The experimental results show that COM ASIP V3 can handle (i.e., transmit, receive, calculate hash, or verify hash) a 64-byte controller area network flexible data-rate (CAN FD) frame in 1.575 μs and a 254-byte FlexRay frame in 6.301 μs. These measurements indicate that the throughput of our new COM ASIP is much higher, 42× to 75×, than the throughput required by these communication buses.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it