VOLUNTEERING AS A TOOL OF SOCIAL INCLUSION AND EDUCATION – CANADA AND SLOVAKIA CASE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volunteering in Canada is governed by the legislation – the Code in Partnership with the Canadian Administration of Volunteer Resources (CAVR). Canadian traditions and experience with governing and providing of volunteer activities as well as the perception and importance of volunteering could be beneficial for Europe and Slovakia. Volunteering could become a tool of a stronger participation of seniors at the community activities and life together with the younger generation. It is important for the mutual education and the improvement of life of both generations. The result of co-operation of younger and older people in volunteer activities could lead to the stronger social capital in a community, improvement of quality of life of seniors and the implementation of precious skills and knowledge of seniors for the community development. Volunteering is based on social participation and co-operation of the society motivated by altruistic behavior. Individuals seek to fulfill such goals as to be fully satisfied, recognized, involved in the supportive and helpful activities for the other individuals in need, for community, involved in the creation of social networks and contacts. The contribution’s goal is to explain and analyze the differences of approaches to the motivation of seniors willing to participate at volunteer activities between two continents and two countries of those continents, North America (Canada) and Europe (Slovakia). Seniors are important source of wisdom and experience in the volunteer activities; however there exist obstacles which might hinder the participation of seniors at volunteer activities. Seniors could be on both sides of the supply-demand structure of volunteer activities, which means they could be providers of volunteer activities as well as customers of volunteering. Volunteering is a source of social capital and community development. Canada belongs to one of the most experienced countries in volunteer activities, which are governed by the legislation CAVR (Code in partnership with the Canadian Administrators of Volunteer Resources (CAVR) enabling the volunteer organizations and NGOs to become legally protected and governed. The aim of the study is to discuss the importance of volunteering for the society and define main principles, which have been implemented in the European Union and compare them to those in North America, especially in Canada with the focus at the volunteer activities and their perception among different social groups of volunteers and predominately shedding light at the specific age group – seniors. In order to demonstrate and express the results of the participation of seniors of Canada and Slovakia, secondary research methods have been implemented in the research, especially a thorough content analysis of existing legislation dealing with volunteering activities in Canada and the European Union, academic literature sources and websites dealing with the volunteering content and existing research of motivation online. There have been also used materials collected from the former research publication activities of the author. Due to the fact that the existing statistical data have been collected from the secondary sources existing online (Stat Canada), there is not created full picture on the state of volunteering in Canada, but it gives information only on specific factors in volunteer activities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.028 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".