Two tiers and double standards: foreign investors and the local community of La Guajira, Colombia
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Under international investment law (IIL), multinational companies enjoy a broad protection of property and investment. They can sue through investment arbitration and claim compensation for any act of the host state that presumably affects their interests. In contrast, local communities that live around large-scale mining sites are often adversely affected by multinational companies and IIL itself. They are protected by domestic law and human rights frameworks, but their claims are limited in scope, reparations and effectiveness. This denotes the existence of two tiers and double standards system, with the interests of private foreign actors and their capital placed above the needs of local communities. In this article, I utilize a large-scale coal mining project in Colombia, the Cerrejón project, as a case study to illustrate the multiple ways in which IIL is implicated in the relations between the State, the foreign investor and the local community.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it