Eternal universe in dynamic equilibrium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Big Bang cosmology is problematic because of the hypothetical beginning that is not in accord with the conservation of energy. Furthermore, it is based on the interpretation of astronomical data that is questionable. Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is not direct proof of the existence of the recombination period in some remote physical past. Cosmological redshift can be seen as the “tired light effect” proposed by Zwicky [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 15, 773 (1929)]. Based on direct reading of astronomical data, here we introduce a model of the universe, which predicts that in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in the centers of galaxies, matter is transforming back into the elementary particles in the form of huge jets that are throwing elementary particles into the intergalactic space and so creating “fresh material” for new stars formation. This process occurring in AGNs, invoked by our model, has no beginning, and it is in permanent dynamic equilibrium, non-created, which means the universe is eternal. The entropy of the universe as a whole is constant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".