Surface interactions of oxytetracycline on municipal solid waste-derived biochar–montmorillonite composite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A composite material prepared from municipal solid waste-derived biochar and montmorillonite (MSW-BC-MMT) was studied as a remediation medium for the removal of oxytetracycline (OTC) from aqueous systems. The morphological characterization using SEM images revealed that the composite had a heterogeneous flaky, plate-like surface appearance. Based on N2 adsorption experiments and compared to the pristine biochar, the composite showed an increased specific surface area by 1.5 folds. The three-parameter Redlich Peterson isotherm model and two-parameter Temkin isotherm model were best fitted with R2 = 0.998 and 0.997, respectively, both for the pristine biochar and the MSW-BC-MMT composite. Additionally, the kinetics was best described using the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that OTC adsorption onto the composite takes place via chemisorption. A capacity of 233 mg g−1 was observed for the MSW-BC-MMT, which is suggested to be predominantly governed by π-π electron donor–acceptor interactions, electrostatic attraction and surface complexation. As evidenced by FTIR results, OTC was presumed to be adsorbed via hydrogen bonding as well. The value addition of MSW by producing MSW-derived biochar is considered a favorable solution for solid waste management. Therefore, the production of the MSW-BC-MMT composite becomes useful due to its significance in acting as a simultaneous MSW management technique and a low-cost material for antibiotic OTC remediation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".