Women’s work on small change: privately issued currency by women in mid-17th century London
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper focuses on privately issued currencies by women in mid-17th century London. These currencies appeared across England as part of a large wave of minting which began during the English Civil War as a result of severe shortages of low value coinage (‘small change’), used for purposes of petty trade. In London alone over 4200 tradesmen and businesses issued tokens, only around 140 of these issuers were women. The tokens are a rare visual and material source on the daily life of working women and their self-representation. By contextualizing the issuers’ occupations and token designs within the history of women’s legal status, this paper will demonstrate that token issuers were likely not under the status of married women. The paper examines who these women issuers were, their occupations, and the legal status that enabled them to become independent active agents within the new commercial sphere of tokens. The paper will demonstrate that the artifact of tokens issued by women is extraordinary within the phenomenon, though the line of work these women did was not unique in the period. The ability of women to represent themselves on a token was likely a direct result of their legal status and the commercial rights it entailed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".