Submarine landslides triggered by the 1663 earthquake (M>7) in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In eastern Canada, the Charlevoix-Kamouraska/Bas-Saint-Laurent (CKBSL) seismic zone presents a seismic hazard almost as high as the active Pacific zone. The major event of February 5, 1663, with a magnitude estimated at > 7 highlights this important seismic hazard. The numerous submarine landslides mapped in the St. Lawrence Estuary in the CKBSL seismic zone suggest that earthquakes have acted as a trigger for submarine slope failures. In this context, the SLIDE-2020 expedition on board the RV Coriolis II in the St. Lawrence Estuary aimed to map, image and sample more than 12 zones of submarine instabilities and their associated deposits. The analysis of sediment cores sampled in the distal sedimentary deposits from these landslides reveals the presence of rapidly deposited layers (turbidites and debrites) directly linked to the submarine landslides. Dating of these landslides with 210Pb and 14C techniques led to the identification of four periods of synchronous emplacement corresponding to the strongest historical earthquakes: 1663 AD, 1860/1870 AD, 1925 AD and 1988 AD. This synchronicity over a distance reaching 220 km of several landslides supports a relationship between their triggering in the St. Lawrence Estuary and regional seismicity. The fact that as many as 9 submarine landslides appear to have been triggered by the 1663 AD earthquake indicates that this event is the strongest recorded in the last two millennia. Keywords: 1663 earthquake, Canada, Geohazards, Geophysics, Holocene, Quebec, Paleoseismicity, Sedimentology, Submarine landslides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".