Mechanical, Corrosion Resistance Properties and Various Applications of Titanium and Its Alloys: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) alloys have been employed for several structural purposes due to high strength, lightweight, temperature toughness, outstanding corrosion resistance and extreme temperature tolerance ability. However, their application for aircraft, military equipment and spacecraft etc. is limited by the exorbitant cost of raw materials and processing. Although, commercially unadulterated titanium exhibits satisfactory mechanical characteristics and has been used for some engineering applications. For many applications, titanium is combined or alloyed with little percentages of alloying elements such as vanadium and aluminium by weight. The combination possesses solid solubility which differs with temperature, enabling it to experience precipitation strengthening. This strengthening effect and effect of heat treatment does not only affect the mechanical and structural properties but alters the tribological and corrosion resistance (CR) properties of the alloys. The CR property of alloys is vital in any structural application and this affects other properties directly or indirectly. Therefore, this review paper examines the properties, classification and applications of Ti and its alloys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".