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Record W4221133579 · doi:10.4006/0836-1398-35.1.51

Einstein on measurement theory: A heuristic point of view

2022· article· en· W4221133579 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Richard Oldani

Bibliographic record

VenuePhysics Essays · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicQuantum Mechanics and Applications
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPhysicsEinsteinClassical mechanicsMatrix (chemical analysis)Eigenvalues and eigenvectorsPlanckStatistical physicsDiagonalTheoretical physicsQuantum mechanicsMathematicsGeometry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Einstein did not contribute significantly to the quantum mechanics we are familiar with, but he did contribute to its theoretical foundations. In a seminal theory on black body radiation, he used two physically distinct sets of coordinates, a classical set to describe the continuity of heat energy with Maxwell Boltzmann statistics and an atomic set to describe discrete energy states required by the Planck radiation law. His methods are extended here to reveal that matrix mechanics is an incomplete description of atomic structure. In addition to the discrete energy states of the diagonal matrix elements, classically derived components of kinetic energy are necessary. We conclude that the diagonalized matrix elements and eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation both describe characteristics of the steady states, but the physical variables they describe are different, because they are measured with respect to different coordinate systems. Einstein’s assumptions lead to a resolution of the measurement problem by introducing statistical laws at the microscopic level.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.005
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.007
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.997
Threshold uncertainty score0.031

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0050.007
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0030.002
Science and technology studies0.0030.027
Scholarly communication0.0040.010
Open science0.0020.003
Research integrity0.0040.007
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0030.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.028
GPT teacher head0.247
Teacher spread0.218 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations7
Published2022
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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