High‐Voltage Induced Surface and Intragranular Structural Evolution of Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Layered Ni‐rich lithium transition metal oxides are promising cathode materials for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. These cathodes, however, suffer from rapid performance decay under high‐voltage operation. In this work, the electrochemical properties and structural evolution of the LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) cathode upon high‐voltage cycling are investigated. The results show that the NMC811 cathode not only experiences surface evolution with the formation of Li‐deficient rock‐salt layers, but also suffers from drastic intragranular structural changes inside bulk grains after high‐voltage cycling. Direct evidence for the formation of transition‐metal/Li disordering domains with uneven Li content and lattice plane distortion at the internal grains of 4.6 V‐cycled NMC811 are provided with their atomic ordering and spatial distribution clearly resolved. The complex intragranular structural changes impede Li + diffusion inside bulk material, resulting in kinetic limitation and capacity loss. The results demonstrate that the high‐voltage cycling would induce severe structural degradation at the grain interior of the cathode material beyond surface evolution, which contributes significantly to the rapid performance decay of the NMC811 cathode. The findings provide new insights for developing effective countermeasures to mitigate this degradation pathway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".