Population genetics of the blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), on blueberry and cranberry, with testing invasion scenarios
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Native to North America, the blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an economically important insect pest of blueberry and cranberry in its native range (USA and Canada) as well as in other parts of the world. Although two genetically distinct D. oxycoccana populations associated with blueberry and cranberry were previously reported, this needs to be revised through further population genetics approaches and a large sample size. Moreover, this pest was recently introduced and spread through other countries in North America, Europe, and Asia. In Korea, D. oxycoccana was first found about a decade ago and rapidly spread throughout the country. In this study, we compared the population genetic structure between D. oxycoccana populations from blueberry and cranberry and determined genetic relationships among geographical subgroups by genotyping 632 individuals from 31 different populations from the USA (New Jersey, Michigan, and Georgia) and Korea using 12 microsatellite loci. Our population genetic analyses showed a clear separation between the two host-associated D. oxycoccana populations from blueberry and cranberry. Using data from only the blueberry-associated D. oxycoccana populations, five genetically isolated subgroups were identified. Analysis of the approximate Bayesian computation suggests that the invasive D. oxycoccana population from Korea appears to have been introduced from an unsampled source population. Our findings will allow for an easier identification of the source of D. oxycoccana into newly invaded regions, as well as to determine their association with blueberry and cranberry, which based on our results can be considered as two distinct species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".