Gravitational portals in the early Universe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider the production of matter and radiation during reheating after inflation, restricting our attention solely to gravitational interactions. Processes considered are the exchange of a graviton, ${h}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$, involved in the scattering of the inflaton or particles in the newly created radiation bath. In particular, we consider the gravitational production of dark matter (scalar or fermionic) from the thermal bath as well as from scattering of the inflaton condensate. We also consider the gravitational production of radiation from inflaton scattering. In the latter case, we also derive a lower bound on the maximal temperature of order of ${10}^{12}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ for a typical $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-attractor scenario from $\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{h}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ Standard Model fields (dominated by the production of Higgs bosons). This lower gravitational bound becomes the effective maximal temperature for reheating temperatures, ${T}_{\mathrm{RH}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. The processes we consider are all minimal in the sense that they are present in any nonminimal extension of the Standard Model theory based on Einstein gravity and cannot be neglected. We compare each of these processes to determine their relative importance in the production of both radiation and dark matter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".