Multi‐Material, Multi‐Process, Planar, and Nonplanar Additive Manufacturing of Piezoelectric Devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nonplanar multi‐material additive manufacturing (AM) of piezoelectric devices is an important step for innovation in digital manufacturing. Herein this work, the development of a manufacturing platform based on multi‐material multi‐process AM that enables fabrication of piezoelectric and conductive electrode materials with complex planar and nonplanar (conformal) structures is reported. Also, the development of conductive and piezoelectric paste‐like printing materials, herein called inks, for extrusion‐based direct‐writing AM processes is presented. The developed inks are highly stretchable (e.g., up to 100% before breaking), easy to process, and less toxic compared to existing solvent evaporation‐based inks in the literature. Several piezoelectric energy‐harvesting (PEH) devices are fabricated. The innovative inks within a multi‐material multi‐process 3D printing platform can substantially broaden the design space of multi‐material AM and open up new opportunities for the production of application‐oriented parts that are more integrable, conformable, scalable, and versatile.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".