A critical saturated state-based constitutive model for volumetric behavior of compacted bentonite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, more and more unique volumetric behaviors, including the nonlinear compression and unloading curves in the e-lnp plane, and different types of swelling and shrinkage curves obtained from suction-controlled swelling and shrinkage tests, etc., which are significantly different from those of nonexpansive clays, have been reported on compacted bentonite. More importantly, limitations were encountered when describing the unique behavior with existing constitutive models for unsaturated expansive soils. In this study, a new concept of critical saturation state (CSS) was proposed for compacted bentonite, in which, as the saturated state was reached, the matric suction still remained nonzero in the soil. Incorporated with this concept, a constitutive model was proposed. In this model, the CSS curve was defined in the suction-isotropic stress plane, delimiting the unsaturated zone. To validate the model, the volume change tests conducted on compacted GMZ bentonite under different stress paths were simulated. Good agreement confirmed that the proposed model could well describe the volume change behavior, including the swelling on hydration, shrinkage during drying, nonlinear compression, and unloading behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".