Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Effect of water flow velocity (≤3 m/s) on bubbles detaching from bitumen was examined in a water channel at room temperature. The results showed different behaviours of bubble–bitumen detachment for different sizes of bubbles. With increasing water flow speed, a larger bubble (>0.15–0.2 cm) underwent the following steps before detaching from the bitumen layer: deformation; neck formation; the bubble broke up from the neck, with the top portion sheared away, leaving the bottom portion as a small bubble stuck to bitumen; and then, the small bubble detached from the bitumen and was carried away by further increasing water flow. Smaller bubbles (<0.1–0.15 cm) detached from bitumen after deformation without breaking up, with increasing water flow. An empirical correlation between the size of bubbles detaching from bitumen with water flow velocity/shear rate was established. At a flow velocity of 3 m/s, only bubbles smaller than 250–300 μm might be able to stay attached to bitumen, or a shear rate higher than 2500 s −1 is needed to detach a 250–300 μm bubble from bitumen.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".