Inverse size‐dependent phenology of female spruce budworms along reproductive and behavioral classes: an empirical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The incidence and causality of inverse size‐dependent phenology was investigated for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in part due to large sample size [>22000 feral females with known body size (wing area) and timing of emergence/occurrence]. Data collected in three Canadian provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec) between 1976 and 2019 included a wide array of sampling procedures grouped along gradients of reproductive classes. (1) For resident females of local origin (collected as pupae and allowed to emerge in the laboratory), body size declined over time at seven of seven sites, indicative of inverse size‐dependent timing of emergence. (2) Females foraging on trees (collected by fogging host trees or with sweep nets) exhibited declines in body size over time at five of five sites. (3) For behaviorally active females collected at traps (malaise, light, and canopy traps), inverse size‐dependent phenology of flight was observed at 20 of 23 combination of trap types/sites; partition of variance indicated limited variation in body size as a function of trap type, thus all inflight females were pooled in subsequent analyses. (4) In contrast to other sampling procedures, dead females collected on drop trays exhibited size‐dependent timing of mortality at only one of five sites. The article includes first body size measurements of migrant females captured in the troposphere with a kite balloon; as with other sampling procedures, body size decreased during the interval of sampling. Ongoing studies combining measurements of body size and dry weight of females (wing load) aim at inferring consequences of inverse size‐dependent phenology on reproduction and migration of budworms, including linkages with population dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".