Feeding ecology of the endangered Apennine Yellow-bellied Toad (<i>Bombina pachypus</i>) in central Italy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anurans are generalist opportunistic consumers, but many species show some degree of diet specialization. Within populations, individuals may specialize in specific dietary resources (individual specialization). Indeed, generalist populations may be composed of individuals using the whole range of available resources or of diverse individuals exploiting specific food items. Based on the niche variation hypothesis (NHV), an increase in population niche width may be related to a higher incidence of individual specialization. We analyzed the feeding ecology of the endangered Apennine Yellow-bellied Toad ( Bombina pachypus (Bonaparte, 1838)) in central Italy. This species showed a generalist feeding strategy, wide trophic niche, high individual generalization, and a predominant use of terrestrial resources. The study species inhabits seasonal habitats determining variation in food availability and diversity, and this may have driven toads to be unselective and consume almost any encountered palatable item. The absence of sexual size dimorphism may explain the absence of trophic differentiation between sexes. The analysis of individual feeding traits revealed a week's degree of individual specialization positively correlated to niche width, partly supporting the NHV. The obtained information can be used for the implementation of effective conservation strategies of locally imperilled species, especially those breeding in temporary ponds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".