Brewery spent grain derived carbon dots for metal sensing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a proof-of-concept to recycle microbrewery waste as a carbon source for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs). A simple method has been developed to synthesize water-soluble CDs based on microwave irradiation of brewery spent grain. The structures and optical properties of the CDs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of reaction time, temperature and pH on the properties of carbon dots were studied. These CDs were found to be spherical with an average diameter of 5.3 nm, N-doped, containing many functional groups (hydroxyl, ethers, esters, carboxyl and amino groups), and to exhibit good photoluminescence with a fluorescent quantum yield of 14%. Finally, the interaction between carbon dots and metal ions was investigated towards developing CDs as a sensing technology for water treatment, food quality and safety detection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".