Minority Language School Boards and Personal Federalism in Canada — Recent and Ongoing Developments in Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In April 2021, the Superior Court of Quebec ruled on the constitutionality of the Act respecting the laicity of the State (Bill 21).1 In this awaited decision, the Court declared that the controversial ban on the wearing of religious symbols by some specifically designated public employees is consistent with the Constitution — because of the notwithstanding clause — but exempted English-language school boards from its application. Judge Marc-André Blanchard indeed concluded that Bill 21 violates section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Charter hereafter). According to Blanchard, section 23 grants constitutional rights to linguistic minorities in the management of their schools, as well as the right to establish policies for the hiring, retention and promotion of the personnel of their choice.2. 1 SQ 2019, c 12. 2 Hak v Procureur général du Québec, 2021 QCCS 1466 [Hak].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".