Spring bread wheat response to kernel smut pathogens (Tilletia caries and T. laevis) in the Republic of Tatarstan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wheat kernel smut (KS) is a disease of the reproductive organs. With low-cost and organic farming, grain farmers can face significant losses from this disease. The purpose of the current study was to identify resistant samples to KS pathogens in the Republic of Tatarstan during artificial inoculation of seeds with smut spores. There have been studied the spring wheat varieties recommended for cultivation in the Republic of Tatarstan, almost isogenic lines of the Red Bobs variety carrying the known Bt-genes Bt 1–10 from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Genetic Resources of Plants named after N.I. Vavilov. When analyzing the species structure of the KS population spread in Tatarstan for 9 years (2012–2020), it was found that the species Tilletia caries prevailed over T. levis and the ratio of species depended on the soil pH before sowing. The minimum ratio of the number of spores of T. laevis / T. caries species in the studied samples was noted at the soil pH of 4.5. The correlation coefficient between indicators of soil solution response and species ratio was 0.86 (tfact˃ttheor at 1% significance level). The genes Bt 2, Bt 5, Bt 8, Bt 9, Bt 10 were highly effective for the Tatarstan KS population in the period of 2018–2021. The samples ‘M83-1621’ (cat. VIR 66238) of the USA and ‘AC Cadillac’ (cat. VIR 64565) of Canada carrying the Bt 10 gene had no signs of the disease. Most of the varieties recommended for cultivation (65%) are highly and very strongly susceptible to KS. Three varieties ‘Chernozemnouralskaya 2’, ‘Sitara’ and ‘Burlak’ are found weakly susceptible to KS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".