The diversity of social enterprise models: New dynamics at the heart and on the borders of the social economy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Le Projet de recherche ICSEM (« International Comparative Social Enterprise Model »), mené de 2013 à 2019, a eu pour objectif d’identifier et de comparer les modèles d’entreprises sociales à travers le monde. Sur la base d’un cadre analytique original, quatre modèles principaux d’entreprise sociale ont été iden- tifiés puis ont été confortés par une base de données ICSEM constituée grâce à une enquête dans 43 pays. Il apparaît ainsi que l’existence de trois des quatre modèles, i.e. la coopérative sociale, « l’associatif entrepreneurial » et le « social business », est fortement soutenue par l’analyse empirique dans presque tous les pays étudiés. Par ailleurs, des spécificités régionales apparaissent en particulier en Europe de l’Ouest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".