Regulation of the fitness of altantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) by intra-specific competition amongst the juveniles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wild Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) have declined considerably throughout their range, principally through loss and degradation of their freshwater habitat, with concomitant overfishing of the remaining stocks (Netboy 1968, 1980; Watt 1989). Marine survival varies, and is hypothesised to depend on greater mortality and reduced growth of smolts at low temperatures in some years (Sigholt & Finstad 1990; Usher et al. 1991), changes in predators, food and ocean currents (Holtby et al. 1990; Reddin & Friedland 1993), size and timing of emigrating smolts (Chadwick 1987), or depensatory survival, with relatively greater mortality occurring in smaller schools of emigrating smolts than in larger ones (Hvidsten & Johnsen 1993). Nevertheless, viability of the species, especially to conserve the present diversity of genetic stocks, and to support commercial and sport fisheries, depends on sustainability of the freshwater ecosystems in which Atlantic salmon spawn and are reared. Young Atlantic salmon (henceforth referred to simply as salmon) spend from one to eight years in fresh water before migrating to sea, depending on climate, photoperiod, and relative productivity of the system (Power 1969; Metcalfe & Thorpe 1990). Spawning is in late autumn, depending on water temperatures (ca. 2 to 6°C), when the adult female fish digs a redd in the coarse substratum of shallow riffle areas, in which are laid several pockets of eggs. Survival to the stage depends on water percolation through the substratum, and its temperature, and the duration of incubation also depends on water temperatures (Crisp 1993). Emergence of the is in early summer. In warmer European streams, where growth is faster than in boreal systems, juvenile salmon may be called parr after leaving the redd site, but in Canadian rivers they are usually called fry or underyearlings for the first year, after which they
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".