The COVID-19 Pandemics’ Impact on Customs Valuation and Import Duties: An Israel Perspective, and a Wider Comparison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the past year, due to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), sea freight prices and domestic transportation costs have risen sharply, an increase that has not been seen for many years. This leads to a change in customs valuation. In most countries worldwide, collection of duties is based on the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) value of goods, there, any increase in transportation costs, lead to additional collection of import duties. The United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, however, impose duties on the free on board (FOB) value of goods, meaning, therefore, transport costs changes do not lead to additional import duties in those countries. COVID-19 effects on transportation costs are a global issue and may last for a long time. Therefore, governments that impose customs on the CIF value, should consider waiving the COVID-19 extra shipping costs, for customs valuation purposes, until we are back to a ‘normal’ period. customs, valuation, transport, Incoterms, CIF, FOB, covid19, Israel
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".