Snail Based Carbonated-Hydroxyapatite Material as Adsorbents for Water Iron (II)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) adsorbent material was prepared from Achatina achatina snail shells and phosphate-containing solution using a wet chemical deposition method. The CHAp adsorbent material was investigated to adsorb aqua Fe(II) complex; [Fe(H2O)6]2+ from simulated iron contaminated water for potential iron remediation application. The CHAp was characterized before and after adsorption using infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The IR and the Raman data revealed that the carbonate functional groups of the CHAp adsorbent material through asymmetric orientation in water bonded strongly to the aqua Fe(II) complex adsorbate. The adsorption behaviour of the adsorbate onto the CHAp adsorbent correlated well to pseudo-second-order kinetics model, non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich model at room temperature of a concentration (20–100 mg L−1) and contact time of 180 min. The Langmuir model estimated the maximum adsorption capacity to be 45.87 mg g−1 whereas Freundlich model indicated an S-type isotherm curvature which supported the spectroscopy revelation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".