Safety Profile of Short‐Term Creatine Nitrate and Caffeine Co‐Ingested in Resistance Trained Participants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Caffeine and creatine nitrate are two commonly used ergogenic aids purported to augment resistance and anaerobic performance; however, the safety profile of these supplements co‐ingested is unknown. The purpose was to examine the effects of caffeine and creatine nitrate alone and co‐ingested on several biochemical blood markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, white blood cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin), resting heart rate and blood pressure, and self‐reported side effects. METHODS: In a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross over study, 12 resistance‐trained participants (22±1 y; 180.0±9.5 cm; 85.9±15.1 kg) completed 4 conditions in random order: creatine nitrate (CN: 5 g/day + 0.675 g/day of maltodextrin), caffeine (CAF: 400 mg/day + 5 g/day of maltodextrin), CN+CAF (5 g/day of creatine nitrate + 400 mg/day of caffeine), and placebo (PL: 5.4 g/day of maltodextrin). Supplements were ingested for 7 days with a 7‐day washout period between conditions. Before and after supplementation, participants provided a blood sample collected from the antecubital vein and measured resting heart rate and blood pressure. A standardized side effect questionnaire was also completed following each condition. Data were analyzed using a two‐way (within‐within) analysis of variance (p≤0.05) with a Tukey’s post hoc when appropriate. For side effects, a chi‐squared non‐parametric test was used. RESULTS: There was no interaction or main effects for all blood parameters (p>0.05). Resting heart rate and blood pressure were also not different between conditions or over time (p>0.05). Lastly, there were no significant differences between conditions for any side effects on the side effect questionnaire (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Short‐term CAF, CN, and CAF+CN co‐ingestion appears safe for healthy young resistance‐trained participants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".