Metabolic effect of orchidectomy on C57BL6/J mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Sleep apnea (SA) is characterized by obstructions of the airways or cessation of breathing during sleep leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH). IH is a source of oxidative stress and inflammation altering the functions of pancreas, liver, muscles and adipose tissue. As a consequence, sleep apnea patients have a high prevalence of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance which can lead to type 2 diabetes. In mice, exposures to IH induce adipose tissue inflammation, liver injury and worsen the pancreatic β‐cell injury in a model of diabetes. While these effects are associated with insulin resistance, glucose tolerance is improved, notably via an enhanced glucose uptake by skeletal muscles. In men, sleep apnea and diabetes are also characterized by low testosterone levels. Interestingly, testosterone levels are positively corelated with insulin sensitivity in human, and low testosterone levels can be associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that testosterone modulates the metabolic alterations induced by IH in male mice. Method We used intact (Sham) or orchidectomized (ORX) C57BL/6J male mice exposed for 14 days to IH (12h / day, 10 cycles / h, 6% nadir oxygen) or normoxia (Nx). The animals were weighed, and we assessed body composition in terms of lean and fat mass, as well as fluid content by using a small animal MRI scanner before the surgery, before IH or Nx exposures and at the end of the protocol. The day after the last IH session, mice were fasted for 6h, we measured fasting glycaemia and insulinemia then we performed a glucose tolerance test. Results In Sham mice, IH decreased bodyweight and fat mass. This was associated with a decrease of fasting glycaemia, insulinemia and HOMA‐IR (index of insulin resistance), and improved glucose sensitivity. ORX decreased bodyweight and lean tissue mass, associated with lower fasting glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA‐IR and improved whole body glucose sensitivity. ORX mice exposed to IH had a decrease of both fat and lean tissue mass leading to further reduction of body weight. However, there was no additive effects of ORX and ORX IH for fasting glycaemia, insulinemia, HOMA‐IR and glucose sensitivity. Conclusion IH and ORX respectively reduce fat and lean tissue mass, and these effects are additive when both stimuli are applied simultaneously. Contrastingly, there are no additive effects of IH and ORX on the metabolic parameters reported here.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".