Synergistic effects of density, gradation, particle size, and particle shape on the water entry pressure of hydrophobized sands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the specific role and interdependencies between soil density, particle size, particle shape, and gradation on the water entry pressure of hydrophobized sands. The tested granular materials include quartz sands of three size ranges, glass beads, and crushed glass. All granular materials were initially silanized with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings to achieve the same intrinsic hydrophobicity. The water-ponding method was adopted to measure the water entry pressure in a comprehensive parametric study that consisted of 96 tests. Despite an acute sensitivity of the water entry pressure to relative density, the results revealed a more dominant effect of particle size. The largest water entry pressure (hydrophobized fine sand) was 14 times that of the lowest (hydrophobized coarse sand). Relatively higher water entry pressures were recorded with sands having larger coefficients of uniformity. A comparison between hydrophobized glass beads and crushed glass also revealed that rounded particles were less effective in retarding water infiltration in a dense state. A relationship, based on Jurin's law, was proposed for dense sands whereby the water entry pressure is obtained from the coefficient of uniformity, mean particle size, and particle shape.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".