Trabecular Bone Structural Variation of the Human Distal Tibia, Talus, and Calcaneus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on the principles of bone functional adaptation, bone structure has been interpreted as reflective, at least in part, of the mechanical loading environment experienced by an individual during their lifetime. However, the extent to which reduced skeletal robusticity in modern humans over the last 10,000 years is the result of reduced activity and increasing reliance on agricultural subsistence strategies, rather than genetic or environmental factors known to influence skeletal phenotype, is not well understood. The objective of this study is to investigate how bone structure varies between human groups with distinct subsistence strategies, and thus different levels of physical activity and mechanical loading. Here we compare trabecular bone structure in the distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus of three archaeological groups from central and southern Illinois with varying levels of mobility from relatively low mobility mixed strategy agriculturalists to relatively high mobility hunter‐gatherers. High‐resolution CT image data of the distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus was used to quantify trabecular bone microarchitecture variables including bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy. Bone structural variables are compared between subsistence groups using registered point clouds and Bayesian multilevel modeling to test whether bone structure differs between groups with different inferred mobility and activity levels, but similar population history and environmental context. Results indicate that variation in trabecular bone structure for the distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus support the hypothesis that more highly mobile subsistence groups have greater trabecular robusticity. Investigating the relationship between bone structure variation and differences in activity and mobility is important for understanding the role of behavioral, ecological, and biological factors in determining human skeletal phenotype.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".