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Record W4225405149 · doi:10.24908/fede.v23i1.15367

The Canadian Senate and the election of senators

2022· article· en· W4225405149 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
Stephanie L. Hastick

Bibliographic record

VenueFederalism-E · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicPolitical Systems and Governance
Canadian institutionsYork University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsParliamentPolitical scienceDemocracyContext (archaeology)Power (physics)LawVotingGovernment (linguistics)GovernorPublic administrationLegislaturePoliticsHistory

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The research essay debates whether the Canadian Senate should keep its current government-appointed system where the executive branch chooses who becomes a senator. Alternatively, there should be an elected Senate where senators must run in elections to keep their seats. From these two opinions, the research essay will support electing a Senate to reform the current system of appointments. The essay's introduction will give context to how the Senate currently works—for example, describing how the Governor-General makes the senators' appointments on the prime minister's advice. Furthermore, provinces are assigned a certain number of seats, with the divisions being Ontario, Quebec, the maritime provinces, and the western provinces. The discussion will move to why Canada should have an elected Senate, defending that it gives power to the people, ultimately adding more democracy to Canada. Including providing checks and balances. Additionally, stopping the allowance of too much unilateral executive power. The following paragraph will be on how to organize an elected Senate. It will analyze the United States and Australia's senate system and compare how they operate within Canada's new senate design. Alongside discussion on how the voting system and the seat assignments to the provinces would work. Lastly, demonstrating how the elected Senate will change the way Canada can govern. For their scandals, it will allow citizens to hold senators accountable during election time, like Senators Mike Duffy, Patrick Brazeau, and Pamela Wallin. Both members of parliament and senators will have more autonomy as the prime minister's powers are weakened. Including the ability for voters to punish the House of Commons for legislation they pass with possible midterms. Plus, allowing for a slower and thoughtful process. Finally, the conclusion will include an overview of why the Senate should be elected, an elected senate's organization, and how an elected system would change the way the federal government can govern.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.980
Threshold uncertainty score0.998

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0040.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.251
Teacher spread0.241 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2022
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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