Effect of Statin Treatment in Patients With Advanced Carotid Atherosclerosis: An Observational Outcome Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Advanced atherosclerosis of the carotid artery is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study was to investigate whether treatment with statins improved the prognosis. METHODS: Sum of all plaque areas (total plaque area (TPA)) and the maximum plaque thickness were determined in healthy subjects using ultrasound. We compared the outcome in subjects with advanced atherosclerosis of the carotid artery (type III-IV b finding) with and without statin treatment. The follow-up was recorded during follow-up examinations as part of preventive occupational health examinations or by personal communication. RESULTS: In 7,106 subjects aged 35 - 65 years (50 ± 8 years, 43% women), we found 669 subjects with advanced atherosclerosis of the carotid artery (type III-IV b finding). A follow-up was available for 640 (95.4%) subjects. In these subjects (54 ± 8 years, 20.4% women), 94 (88 men) had cardiovascular events (35 myocardial infarctions, 13 bypass operations, 32 stent implantations, and 14 strokes) with a mean follow-up time of 3.9 (1 - 12) years. Two hundred sixty subjects were treated with a statin, while 339 received no statin. Fourteen cardiovascular events occurred in the treated group (eight stent implantations, two heart attacks, two bypass operations, and two strokes). In the untreated group, 80 cardiovascular events occurred (12 strokes, 11 bypass operations, 33 heart attacks, and 24 stent implantations). The event rate was 5.4% for the subjects treated with a statin and 23.6% for the untreated subjects. Both groups were well matched for the baseline presence of cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: Statin treatment in subjects with advanced atherosclerosis of the carotid artery (type III-IV b finding on ultrasound) significantly improves the prognosis in a non-randomized observational cohort study.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".