Proof-of-Concept of Millimeter-Wave RF Beamforming Transmitter Architecture Employing Frequency-Multiplier-Based Up-Converters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter proposes a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) RF beamforming transmitter (TX) architecture that employs frequency multipliers (FMs) as frequency up-converters to avoid the challenges associated with the signal and local oscillator (LO) distribution networks that intensify with the increase of operating frequency. The proposed architecture incorporates a single-input– single-output (SISO) digital predistortion (DPD) scheme that is specifically devised to mitigate the nonlinear distortions exhibited by the cascade of FMs and power amplifiers (PAs). Proof-of-concept experiments conducted on a lineup, comprised of an off-the-shelf frequency doubler and an$8\times 8$array and operating at an output frequency of 28 GHz, confirmed the capacity of the proposed architecture to transmit 200 MHz orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals with an error vector magnitude (EVM) and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) better than 1.6% and 45 dB, respectively, while achieving an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 46.3 dBm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".