Effect of Reflexology Foot Massage on Pain intensity and Physical Functional Abilities Among Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Knee Osteoarthritis is the eighth leading cause of disability and a degenerative disease that deteriorates over time. It is the chief contributor to impaired mobility and occurrence of chronic pain. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment remains the key in the management of Osteoarthritis. Non-pharmacological methods such as reflexology have been used to alleviate symptoms and to improve patients' functional ability. Aim: Evaluate the effectiveness of Reflexology Foot Massage on pain intensity and physical functional abilities among patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Research hypothesis: Patients with knee osteoarthritis, who receive Reflexology Foot Massage experience less pain intensity, improvement in health status and physical functional abilities than those who do not receive such intervention. Methods: A quasi experimental research design was utilized to conduct this study on 60 patients with Knee Osteoarthritis at the Rheumatology and Rehabilitation clinic of El-Hadra Orthopedic and Traumatology University Hospital, Alexandria. Tools: Three tools were used in this study for data collection. Tool I: Patient's Socio-demographic and Clinical Data Structured Interview Schedule, Tool II:Western Ontario and MCMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire structured interview schedule, and Tool III: Range of Motion Exercise of the knee joint assessment. Results: Patients' pain intensity, knee joint stiffness, and function abilities were improved significantly in the study group immediately after second, third and fourth foot reflexology sessions, moreover, the mean difference for knee R.O.M between the patients in the study group including, knee flexion and extension were improved significantly immediately after second, third and fourth foot reflexology sessions than those in the control group. Conclusion: The therapeutic effects of Reflexology massage sessions on the study group were much better than that of control group in relation to decrease patients' pain intensity, improvement in their health status and physical functional abilities. Recommendations: Illustrated self-administered Reflexology massage intervention booklets distributed to patients with knee osteoarthritis, could be of help, and development and implementation of Reflexology training program for nurses, health care personnel and caregivers should be applied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".