Observational constraints on varying fundamental constants in a minimal CPC model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT A minimal model based on the Co-varying Physical Couplings (CPC) framework for gravity is proposed. The CPC framework is based on the assumptions of a metric-compatible four-dimensional Riemannian manifold, where a covariantly conserved stress-energy tensor acts as source of the field equations, which are formally the same as Einstein field equations, but where the couplings {G, c, Λ} are allowed to vary simultaneously. The minimal CPC model takes Λ as a genuine constant while c and G vary in an entangled way that is consistent with Bianchi identity and the aforementioned assumptions. The model is constrained using the most recent galaxy cluster gas mass fraction observational data. Our result indicates that the functions c(z) and G (z) = G0 (c/c0)4 are compatible with constant couplings for the two different parametrizations of c = c(z) adopted here.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".