Review of groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling approaches for the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer, UK; insights from analogous successions worldwide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sandstones are characterized by different hydraulic behaviours and need to be modelled in various ways to represent groundwater flow and contaminant transport. This review shows how sandstone aquifers within the UK Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group can be represented using three modelling approaches: the Conduit Network, Discrete Fracture Network and Equivalent Porous Medium. The Sherwood Sandstone aquifer is dominated by matrix flow in the Eastern England Shelf, Worcester, Needwood and Staffordshire basins. Here, the aquifers are modelled as Equivalent Porous Media at different spatial scales. Fractures represent the principal flow pathways in the Cheshire Basin. In this basin, Discrete Fracture Network models that account for diffusivity in the matrix can be used where the domain scale is small. The Sherwood Sandstone aquifer across northwestern England shows evidence of intense groundwater alteration and high flow velocities in solutionally enlarged fractures. Turbulent flowing pipe-elements can be inserted in the modelling domain represented by Equivalent Porous Medium at specific sites. The review shows how the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer as well as other siliciclastic deposits across the world need to be represented using a range of modelling approaches, as they behave as matrix or fracture flow aquifers, or in specific cases show a karst-like behaviour. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Hydrogeology of Sandstone collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/hydrogeology-of-sandstone
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".