A Universal Framework of Spatiotemporal Bias Block for Long-Term Traffic Forecasting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the great success of graph convolutional networks in short-term traffic forecasting (e.g., 15–30 min ahead) tasks by capturing dependencies in road network structure. Based on these models, long-term forecasting can be achieved by two approaches: (1) recursively generating a one-step-ahead prediction and (2) adapting the models to sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) learning. However, in practice, these two approaches often show poor performance in long-term forecasting tasks. The recursive approach suffers from the error accumulation problem, as the model is trained based on one-step-ahead loss. On the other hand, seq2seq shows convergence issues that limit its application. To address the issues for long-term forecasting, in this paper, we propose a universal framework that directly transforms any existing state-of-the-art models for one-step-ahead prediction to achieve more accurate long-term forecasting. The proposed framework consists of two components—a base model and a bias block. The base model is assumed to be a well-trained state-of-the-art one-step-ahead forecasting model, and the bias block is constructed by a spatiotemporal graph neural network composed of gated temporal convolution layers and graph convolution layers. The base model and the bias block are residually-connected so that we can substantially reduce the training complexity. Extensive experiments are conducted on existing benchmark datasets. We experiment with several state-of-the-art models in the literature as base models, and our results demonstrate the ability of the proposed universal framework to greatly improve the long-term prediction accuracy for all models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".