Canadian Public Policies and Practices Related to Drug Prices, Utilization and Expenditures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada, prescription drugs are provided to patients in hospital settings under the Canada Health Act , but are not universally covered when prescribed outside the hospital. Although many 24 Canadians have either publicly or privately funded drug plans, approximately 10% of Canadians have no coverage. Each province and territory has its own public drug insurance program. They differ in plan design, eligible beneficiaries, eligibility requirements, cost sharing arrangements, drugs reimbursed and method of pharmacist reimbursement. Canada has federal regulatory and advisory structures which affect drug prices, utilization and expenditures. The Patented Medicine Prices Review Board is an independent, federal, quasi-judicial board which regulates the maximum price set for new and existing medicines. The Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment examines comparative therapeutic and economic assessments of pharmaceutical products. Besides regulating pharmaceuticals for sale and post-approval surveillance, Health Canada provides policies and oversees regulated activities for advertisements of prescription drugs to consumers. In summary, provincial, territorial and federal governments and national agencies all have distinctive and complementary roles in providing Canadian consumers with safe, effective, affordable drug therapy. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: < docdelivery@haworthpress.com > Website: < https://www.HaworthPress.com > Ó 2003 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.]
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".