Advances on Structural Modification and Applications of Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heptamethine cyanine dyes (HCDs) feature a large molar extinction coefficient, a high fluorescence quantum yield, and an adjustable structure, with maximum absorption and emission wavelengths located in the near-infrared region.Thanks to these excellent features, the HCDs have been widely used in biological imaging, ion detection, new energy, and many other fields.However, the unique structure of the HCDs brings some defects, such as poor hydrophilicity and low photostability.Many scholars have been striving to expand the application of the HCDs in biological analysis by improving properties like spectral properties, hydrophilicity, photostability, and fluorescence quantum yield.This paper thoroughly reviews the advances of structural modification in the sites of terminal heterocycles (indole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole and benzoselenide) and polymethine chains (straight chain or rigid bridged ring), and introduces the influences of functional materials over the features of the HCDs.Finally, the authors predicted the development trend of the HCDs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".